{"id":3494,"date":"2025-09-02T01:46:41","date_gmt":"2025-09-02T01:46:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/a234-wpb-elbow-long-vs-short-radius-comparison\/"},"modified":"2025-09-02T01:46:41","modified_gmt":"2025-09-02T01:46:41","slug":"a234-wpb-elbow-long-vs-short-radius-comparison","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/vi\/a234-wpb-elbow-long-vs-short-radius-comparison\/","title":{"rendered":"So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00fat A234 WPB: C\u00fat b\u00e1n k\u00ednh d\u00e0i so v\u1edbi c\u00fat b\u00e1n k\u00ednh ng\u1eafn"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><figure loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/c3220e67-15b3-45d3-9b32-91de610b99b0.png\" alt=\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111ang c\u1ea7m hai chi\u1ebfc c\u00fat \u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau\" style=\"display: block; margin-block: 10px;\"><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0110i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh<\/h2>\n<p>D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh trong b\u1ea3ng so s\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00fat g\u00f3c 90 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y 90 \u0111\u1ed9 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn.<\/li>\n<li>S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa c\u00fat b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn (LR) v\u00e0 c\u00fat b\u00e1n k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf (SR) n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong; b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00fat LR g\u1ea5p 1,5 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh \u1ed1ng, trong khi b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00fat SR b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh \u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<li>ASTM A234 WPB l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p cacbon v\u00e0 th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim r\u00e8n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cao.\n<p>C\u00e1c c\u00fat c\u00f3 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn gi\u00fap d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u00eam \u00e1i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t \u00e1p, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u01b0u ti\u00ean hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<p>Qu\u00fd kh\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00fat \u1ed1ng g\u00f3c 90 \u0111\u1ed9, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00fat g\u00f3c b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p kh\u00e1c, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i v\u1eadt t\u01b0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u1ed1ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng chuy\u00ean b\u00e1n ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM cho c\u1ea3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1c c\u00fat c\u00f3 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn gi\u00fap d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u00eam \u00e1i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t \u00e1p, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u01b0u ti\u00ean hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1c c\u00fat g\u00f3c b\u00e1n k\u00ednh ng\u1eafn c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gian ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n<li>Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i c\u00fat ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n<p>Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y. C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn gi\u00fap th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 c\u00fat g\u00f3c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. C\u00fat g\u00f3c 90 \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y r\u1ebd theo g\u00f3c vu\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00fat g\u00f3c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh: b\u00e1n k\u00ednh d\u00e0i v\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh ng\u1eafn, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng thau. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian b\u1ea1n c\u00f3. Trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i c\u00fat quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh ch\u00fang. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang t\u00ecm mua c\u00fat \u1ed1ng 90 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed3 kim kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng chuy\u00ean b\u00e1n v\u1eadt t\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn b\u00e1n ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u1ed1ng. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<h2>T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00fat ASTM A234 WPB<\/h2>\n<p><figure loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/c57d83bb-d32a-489d-897d-db85bc175f01.png\" alt=\"C\u00e1c c\u00fat c\u00f3 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh d\u00e0i v\u00e0 ng\u1eafn \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ea1nh nhau\" style=\"display: block; margin-block: 10px;\"><\/figure>\n<p> Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM A234 WPB l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u1ed1ng. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m t\u1eeb th\u00e9p cacbon v\u00e0 th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim. B\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00fat \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang quy c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u1ed1ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u201cWPB\u201d cung c\u1ea5p th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u1ed1ng. Ch\u1eef \u201cW\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cgia c\u00f4ng\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho bi\u1ebft th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c u\u1ed1n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fac. Ch\u1eef \u201cP\u201d cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p l\u1ef1c. Ch\u1eef \u201cB\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u lo\u1ea1i B v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n ch\u1ea3y th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ti\u1ebfp theo, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u00ednh, nh\u01b0 th\u00e9p cacbon v\u00e0 th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim, \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e1c kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i g\u00f3c ASTM A234 WPB ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb th\u00e9p carbon. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n ho\u1eb7c d\u1eadp, gi\u00fap s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn cao v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>Lo\u1ea1i WPB l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p cacbon trong nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM A234 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim. \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 WP1, WP5, WP9, WP11 v\u00e0 WP91. B\u1ea1n n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y khi c\u1ea7n ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim ho\u1eb7c th\u00e9p cacbon ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng n\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00fat g\u00f3c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00fat ch\u1eef T, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb th\u00e9p cacbon hay th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng g\u1ec9 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 PVC, lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. V\u00ec v\u1eady, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua c\u00fat 90 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p carbon, th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 PVC. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ri\u00eang, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e3y lu\u00f4n ki\u1ec3m tra k\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<h3>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho c\u00fat g\u00f3c 90 \u0111\u1ed9<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u00fang v\u1eady, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 khi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u1ed1ng g\u00f3c 90 \u0111\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong t\u1eebng l\u1ea7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u1ede B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ASME B16.9. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u1ed1ng h\u00e0n m\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y quy \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, sai s\u1ed1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc cho ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n ghi tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 c\u00fat ASTM A234 WPB. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 MSS SP-43, JIS v\u00e0 EN10253 (\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u).<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i g\u00f3c 90 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i hai \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p v\u1edbi nhau. Hai \u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh gi\u1ed1ng nhau ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i h\u00e0n \u1ed5 c\u1eafm s\u1ebd n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau theo g\u00f3c 90 \u0111\u1ed9. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p n\u00e0y khi c\u1ea7n u\u1ed1n cong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh v\u1eadt c\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1o ra h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho nhi\u1ec1u k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00fat c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh t\u1eeb 1\/2 inch \u0111\u1ebfn 80 inch. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cschedule\u201d. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 SCH 40, SCH 80 v\u00e0 SCH 160. Khi b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 ASME B16.9, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng c\u00fat \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p s\u1ebd v\u1eeba kh\u00edt v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<h2>B\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi b\u00e1n k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf: Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/h2>\n<p>S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf gi\u1eefa c\u00fat b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn (LR) v\u00e0 c\u00fat b\u00e1n k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf (SR) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong. C\u00fat b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong c\u00f3 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng 1,5 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh \u1ed1ng (1,5D). C\u00fat b\u00e1n k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong c\u00f3 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh \u1ed1ng (1D).<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn. Ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n LR c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong m\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00e0 h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi \u00edt l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, do \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3n d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y. Ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n SR, v\u1edbi g\u00f3c cua h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, chi\u1ebfm \u00edt kh\u00f4ng gian h\u01a1n, n\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 khi kh\u00f4ng gian l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n xem c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00e1n k\u00ednh d\u00e0i v\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh ng\u1eafn n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n<h3>So s\u00e1nh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/h3>\n<p>S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eefa c\u00fat b\u00e1n k\u00ednh d\u00e0i (LR) v\u00e0 c\u00fat b\u00e1n k\u00ednh ng\u1eafn (SR) n\u1eb1m \u1edf chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i t\u1eeb t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00fat. Do c\u00fat b\u00e1n k\u00ednh d\u00e0i c\u00f3 g\u00f3c u\u1ed1n r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, n\u00ean chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i t\u1eeb t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00fat c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00fat b\u00e1n k\u00ednh ng\u1eafn c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng khi l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kh\u00f4ng gian m\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n u\u1ed1n s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfm d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00fat SR c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn h\u01a1n, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian h\u1eb9p. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u1eadt l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ASTM v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng (schedule), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi lo\u1ea1i b\u00e1n k\u00ednh. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc danh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng (NPS), \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00fat ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y minh h\u1ecda s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u (A) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASME B16.9.<\/p>\n<table style=\"min-width: 100px;\">\n<colgroup>\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\">\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\">\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\">\n<col style=\"min-width: 25px;\"><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ed1ng danh ngh\u0129a (NPS)<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i (OD) t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng mm<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e9p (A) t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng mm<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>SR t\u1eeb t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e9p (A) t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng mm<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>2\u2033<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>60.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>76<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>51<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>4\u2033<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>114.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>152<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>102<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>6 inch<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>168.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>229<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>152<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>10 inch<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>273.0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>381<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\">\n<p>254<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng<\/h3>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa c\u00fat g\u00f3c 90 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn v\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng di chuy\u1ec3n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. C\u00fat g\u00f3c 90 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn gi\u00fap d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00eam \u00e1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n, ma s\u00e1t v\u00e0 s\u1ee5t \u00e1p. Khi n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn c\u00fat g\u00f3c 90 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn thay v\u00ec lo\u1ea1i b\u00e1n k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf? B\u1ea1n n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y khi mu\u1ed1n duy tr\u00ec d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00fat g\u00f3c b\u00e1n k\u00ednh ng\u1eafn c\u00f3 g\u00f3c cua g\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ee5t \u00e1p cao h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n th\u00eam n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00f3i m\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u00f2n di\u1ec5n ra nhanh h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t g\u1ed3 gh\u1ec1 ho\u1eb7c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00fat g\u00f3c b\u00e1n k\u00ednh ng\u1eafn \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng m\u00e0 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n<p>Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian s\u1eb5n c\u00f3. N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00fat g\u00f3c b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn, th\u00ec h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. C\u00fat g\u00f3c b\u00e1n k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi kh\u00f4ng gian h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ee9c s\u1ee5t \u00e1p cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<h2>L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa c\u00fat g\u00f3c b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00fat g\u00f3c b\u00e1n k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf<\/h2>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa c\u00fat b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00fat b\u00e1n k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t kh\u00f4ng gian l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00fat b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t trong kh\u00f4ng gian h\u1eb9p, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn c\u00fat b\u00e1n k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n<p>B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00fat g\u00f3c b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn v\u00ec ch\u00fang gi\u00fap d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng gian, c\u00fat g\u00f3c b\u00e1n k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf s\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i c\u00fat cong b\u00e1n k\u00ednh n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<h3>C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/h3>\n<p>C\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00fat n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n duy tr\u00ec l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00fat b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1i \u01b0u cho nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c c\u00fat g\u00f3c b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn c\u00f3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean trong nh\u1eb5n m\u1ecbn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m ma s\u00e1t, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n qua c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ed1ng d\u00e0i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u \u1ed1ng th\u00e9p. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u00f9n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng \u0111\u1eb7c. Do kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u00f2n nhanh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00fat g\u00f3c 90 \u0111\u1ed9:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>B\u00e1n k\u00ednh d\u00e0i (LR):<\/strong> Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t, x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u00e1n k\u00ednh ng\u1eafn (SR):<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t trong kh\u00f4ng gian h\u1eb9p, trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean khung tr\u01b0\u1ee3t, ho\u1eb7c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t<\/h3>\n<p>Khi ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i g\u00f3c 90 \u0111\u1ed9, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1n k\u00ednh. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh danh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cschedule\u201d, gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ecdn sai \u201cschedule\u201d, l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean k\u00e9m b\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1ch l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n c\u00fat ASTM A234 WPB thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n h\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00fat v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. Ti\u1ebfp theo, b\u1ea1n h\u00e0n ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n m\u1ea1ch, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f2 r\u1ec9. M\u1ed1i h\u00e0n n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n k\u00edn kh\u00edt v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p carbon ho\u1eb7c th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p WPB ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ea3y cao ho\u1eb7c th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim. Lu\u00f4n tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb.<\/p>\n<h2>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00fat g\u00f3c ASTM A234 WPB b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn v\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng khi b\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn ho\u1eb7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi. M\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. H\u00e3y d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i c\u00fat ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i c\u00fat n\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t, b\u1ea1n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia trong ng\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\n<h3>Khi n\u00e0o t\u00f4i n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00fat g\u00f3c 90 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn thay v\u00ec lo\u1ea1i b\u00e1n k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf?<\/h3>\n<p>B\u1ea1n n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn c\u00fat b\u00e1n k\u00ednh l\u1edbn (LR) n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u00eam \u00e1i v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ee5t \u00e1p. Ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn c\u00fat b\u00e1n k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf (SR) khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ee9c s\u1ee5t \u00e1p cao h\u01a1n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<h3>C\u00e1c c\u00fat g\u00f3c ASTM A234 WPB c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p carbon v\u00e0 th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\n<p>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM A234 WPB \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p cacbon v\u00e0 th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim r\u00e8n. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00fat g\u00f3c 90 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASTM A403 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i WPB.<\/p>\n<h3>L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00fat g\u00f3c 90 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i?<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1eafp ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng. Lu\u00f4n tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASME B16.9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Key Highlights Here is a quick look at the main points of our comparison: A 90-degree elbow is a crucial pipe fitting used to change the direction of flow by 90 degrees in a piping system. The primary difference between a long radius (LR) and short radius (SR) elbow is the curve&#8217;s radius; LR is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3491,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_gspb_post_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[393],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3494","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-industry-information"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3494","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3494"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3494\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3491"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3494"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3494"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3494"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}