{"id":3083,"date":"2025-06-13T07:16:01","date_gmt":"2025-06-13T07:16:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/carbon-steel-butt-weld-cap-types-and-sizes-explained\/"},"modified":"2025-06-13T07:16:01","modified_gmt":"2025-06-13T07:16:01","slug":"carbon-steel-butt-weld-cap-types-and-sizes-explained","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/ar\/carbon-steel-butt-weld-cap-types-and-sizes-explained\/","title":{"rendered":"\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a: \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><figure loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/aa785b06-d725-495f-962d-5a7ac318938c.png\" alt=\"\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\" style=\"display:block;margin-block:10px;\"><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 ASME \u0648ANSI\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 Sch20 \u0648Sch40 \u0648Sch40 \u0648XS \u0648Sch80\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr>\n<h2>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0643 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0643 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f asme \u0648 ansi. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/h2>\n<p><figure loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/c1eec73a-5ab6-424c-904f-56715436cc36.png\" alt=\"\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629\" style=\"display:block;margin-block:10px;\"><\/figure>\n<p> \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0635\u064f\u0646\u0639\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 ASME. \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 Sch10 \u0648 Sch40 \u0648 XS \u0648 Sch80. \u062a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a ANSI. \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASME B16.9 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f ASTM \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0645\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643. \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641. \u0648\u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a<\/h2>\n<p><figure loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/a158dec0-5835-429c-bafe-b8a21d20a6a0.png\" alt=\"\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\" style=\"display:block;margin-block:10px;\"><\/figure>\n<p> \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u00bd \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 48 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 (DN15 \u0625\u0644\u0649 DN1200). \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 ASME B16.9. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 Sch10 \u0625\u0644\u0649 XXS. \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0642. \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a. \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a ASME B16.9 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0636\u0639 ASME B16.9 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u00bd \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 48 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 DN15 \u0625\u0644\u0649 DN1200. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 Sch10 \u0648 Sch20 \u0648 Sch40 \u0648 Sch40 \u0648 XS \u0648 Sch160. \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647: | <strong>\u062f\u0646<\/strong> | <strong>NPS<\/strong> | <strong>OD (\u0645\u0645)<\/strong> | <strong>\u0647\u0640 (\u0645\u0645)<\/strong> | <strong>E1 (\u0645\u0645)<\/strong> | |&#8212;&#8212;-|&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;|&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;|&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-|&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;| | 15 | \u00bd | 21.3 | 25 | 25 | | 40 | 1\u00bd | 48.3 | 38 | 38 | | 100 | 4 | 114.3 | 64 | 76 |<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/strong> \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/strong> \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/strong> \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f ASTM \u0628\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f ASTM A105 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 250 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 485 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 22% \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a WPHY \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 WPHY70 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 565 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 18% \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0633\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646. \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0647\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645. \u0646\u0638\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a ASME \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a. \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644 (TIG)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a (SMAW). \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 TIG \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>SMAW \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f ASME\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0622\u0645\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u0631 (NDT) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u062f. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2>\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0635\u064f\u0646\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646. \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 Astm \u0648 asme\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 ASME B16.9 ASME B16.9<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 ASME B16.9 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 ASME.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628. \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647. \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0642. \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639. \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u064a. \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2>\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 BW<\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a bw \u0628\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0643 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a bw \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 ASTM \u0648ASME.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646.<\/p>\n<h2>\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u0635\u064f\u0645\u0645 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633 \u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628. \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f ASME \u0648 ANSI. \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 ASME \u0648 ASTM. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0632\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629. \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0643.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0624 \u0623\u0642\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623. \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 ASTM \u0648ASME \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f ASTM \u0648ASME. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645. \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a. \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a. \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f ASTM \u0648 ASME. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a ASME B16.9<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASME B16.9 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u00bd \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0631 48 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629. \u0643\u0644 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0647. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629. \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0629 ASME B16.11<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633 ASME B16.11 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 SCH 40 \u0648 SCH 80. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 asme.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 ANSI \u0648ASME. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 ANSI \u0648ASME \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0642<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 ASTM \u0648ASME \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n<h3>\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 ASME \u0648 ASTM. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0643 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 ASME \u0648 ASTM. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u064a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0628\u0636\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 ASME \u0648 ASTM. \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0627\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u062f\u0623. \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628. \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Key Highlights Carbon steel butt weld caps are essential pipe fittings used to seal off carbon steel pipes, ensuring fluid cessation effectively. They are available in various connection types, including socket weld and threaded designs, with buttweld caps being the most popular for their durable and leak-proof characteristics. Manufactured in line with ASME and ANSI [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3079,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_gspb_post_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[393],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3083","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-industry-information"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3083","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3083"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3083\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3079"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3083"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3083"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hfittings.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3083"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}